Organize your cloud-based resources to secure, manage, and track costs related to your workloads. To organize your resources, define a management group hierarchy, consider and follow a naming convention, and apply resource tagging.

Understand scope

Azure provides four levels of scope: management groups, subscriptions, resource groups, and resources. The following image shows an example of these layers.

Management levels

You apply management settings at any of these levels of scope. The level you select determines how widely the setting is applied. Lower levels inherit settings from higher levels. For example, when you apply a policy to the subscription, the policy is applied to all resource groups and resources in your subscription. When you apply a policy on the resource group, that policy is applied to the resource group and all its resources. However, another resource group doesn’t have that policy assignment.

Note: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-resource-manager/management/overview

Management Group

If your organization has many subscriptions, you may need a way to efficiently manage access, policies, and compliance for those subscriptions. Azure management groups provide a level of scope above subscriptions. You organize subscriptions into containers called “management groups” and apply your governance conditions to the management groups. All subscriptions within a management group automatically inherit the conditions applied to the management group. Management groups give you enterprise-grade management at a large scale no matter what type of subscriptions you might have. All subscriptions within a single management group must trust the same Azure Active Directory tenant.

You can organize your resource groups for securing, managing, and tracking the costs related to your workflows and applications.

Azure Resource Manager

For example, you can apply policies to a management group that limits the regions available for virtual machine (VM) creation. This policy would be applied to all management groups, subscriptions, and resources under that management group by only allowing VMs to be created in that region.

Hierarchy of management groups and subscriptions

You can build a flexible structure of management groups and subscriptions to organize your resources into a hierarchy for unified policy and access management. The following diagram shows an example of creating a hierarchy for governance using management groups.

Diagram of a sample management group hierarchy.

Diagram of a root management group holding both management groups and subscriptions. Some child management groups hold management groups, some hold subscriptions, and some hold both. One of the examples in the sample hierarchy is four levels of management groups with the child level being all subscriptions.

You can create a hierarchy that applies a policy, for example, which limits VM locations to the US West Region in the group called “Production”. This policy will inherit onto all the Enterprise Agreement (EA) subscriptions that are descendants of that management group and will apply to all VMs under those subscriptions. This security policy cannot be altered by the resource or subscription owner allowing for improved governance.

Another scenario where you would use management groups is to provide user access to multiple subscriptions. By moving multiple subscriptions under that management group, you can create one Azure role assignment on the management group, which will inherit that access to all the subscriptions. One assignment on the management group can enable users to have access to everything they need instead of scripting Azure RBAC over different subscriptions.

Important facts about management groups

  • 10,000 management groups can be supported in a single directory.
  • A management group tree can support up to six levels of depth.
    • This limit doesn’t include the Root level or the subscription level.
  • Each management group and subscription can only support one parent.
  • Each management group can have many children.
  • All subscriptions and management groups are within a single hierarchy in each directory. See Important facts about the Root management group.

Note: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/governance/management-groups/overview

Management group access

Azure management groups support Azure role-based access control (Azure RBAC) for all resource accesses and role definitions. These permissions are inherited to child resources that exist in the hierarchy. Any Azure role can be assigned to a management group that will inherit down the hierarchy to the resources. For example, the Azure role VM contributor can be assigned to a management group. This role has no action on the management group, but will inherit to all VMs under that management group.

The following chart shows the list of roles and the supported actions on management groups.


MANAGEMENT GROUP ACCESS
Azure Role Name Create Rename Move** Delete Assign Access Assign Policy Read
Owner X X X X X X X
Contributor X X X X X
MG Contributor* X X X X X
Reader X
MG Reader* X
Resource Policy Contributor X
User Access Administrator X X

Azure custom role support for management groups is currently in preview with some limitations. You can define the management group scope in the Role Definition’s assignable scope. That Azure custom role will then be available for assignment on that management group and any management group, subscription, resource group, or resource under it. This custom role will inherit down the hierarchy like any built-in role.

Subscription

There are three default subscription available once you have created your Azure account:

If your company already has subscription and you can’t see any resources even you are Global admin, you will need to add your access to that subscription.

Go to the subscription > choose the subscription > access control > add

enter image description here

Resource groups

There are some important factors to consider when defining your resource group:

  • All the resources in your resource group should share the same lifecycle. You deploy, update, and delete them together. If one resource, such as a server, needs to exist on a different deployment cycle it should be in another resource group.

  • Each resource can exist in only one resource group.

  • You can add or remove a resource to a resource group at any time.

  • You can move a resource from one resource group to another group. For more information, see Move resources to new resource group or subscription.

  • The resources in a resource group can be located in different regions than the resource group.

  • When you create a resource group, you need to provide a location for that resource group.

    You may be wondering, “Why does a resource group need a location? And, if the resources can have different locations than the resource group, why does the resource group location matter at all?”

    The resource group stores metadata about the resources. When you specify a location for the resource group, you’re specifying where that metadata is stored. For compliance reasons, you may need to ensure that your data is stored in a particular region.

    Except in global resources like Azure Content Delivery Network, Azure DNS, Azure Traffic Manager, and Azure Front Door, if a resource group’s region is temporarily unavailable, you can’t update resources in the resource group because the metadata is unavailable. The resources in other regions will still function as expected, but you can’t update them.

    For more information about building reliable applications, see Designing reliable Azure applications.

  • A resource group can be used to scope access control for administrative actions. To manage a resource group, you can assign Azure PoliciesAzure roles, or resource locks.

  • You can apply tags to a resource group. The resources in the resource group don’t inherit those tags.

  • A resource can connect to resources in other resource groups. This scenario is common when the two resources are related but don’t share the same lifecycle. For example, you can have a web app that connects to a database in a different resource group.

  • When you delete a resource group, all resources in the resource group are also deleted. For information about how Azure Resource Manager orchestrates those deletions, see Azure Resource Manager resource group and resource deletion.

  • You can deploy up to 800 instances of a resource type in each resource group. Some resource types are exempt from the 800 instance limit. For more information, see resource group limits.

  • Some resources can exist outside of a resource group. These resources are deployed to the subscriptionmanagement group, or tenant. Only specific resource types are supported at these scopes.

  • To create a resource group, you can use the portalPowerShellAzure CLI, or an ARM template.

Ways to Create an Azure Resource Group

There are several ways to create an Azure Resource Group:

  • The Azure Portal
  • Azure PowerShell scripts
  • The Azure CLI
  • An ARM template


Best Practices:
  1. The key to having a successful design of resource groups is understanding the lifecycle of the resources that are included in them. For instance, if an application requires different resources that need to be updated together, such as having a SQL database, a web app, a mobile app, etc., then it makes sense to group these resource in the same resource group. It is important, however, to use different resource groups for dev/test, staging, or production, as the resources in these groups have different lifecycles.
  2. Azure resource groups are a way to operationalize role-based access control (RBAC). Typically, you will want to grant user access at the resource group level – groups make this simpler to manage and provide greater visibility.
  3. Organize your Azure resources follows your organizational structure, making it straightforward to follow the principle of least privilege and only grant access to the minimum permissions needed – which you can do at the resource group level, rather than at the management group or subscription level. For example, a policy relating to encryption key management can be applied at the management group level, while a scheduled suspension policy might be applied at the resource group level.
  4. Effective use of tagging allows you to identify resources for technical, automation, billing, and security purposes. Tags can extend beyond resource groups, which allows you to use tags to associate groups and resources that belong to the same project, application, or service. Be sure to apply tagging best practices, such as requiring a standard set of tags to be applied before a resource is deployed, to ensure you’re optimizing your resources.



Azure Resource Manager (ARM)

Azure Resource Manager (ARM) is an Azure service you can use to manage and deploy resources using an infrastructure as code paradigm. It enables you to provision, modify, and delete resources using a variety of features including access controls, tags, and locks.
When using Azure Resource Manager, there is some specific terminology you should be aware of. The most common terms include:

  • resource—an asset that can be managed. Assets include virtual machines (VMs), virtual networks, databases, web apps, and storage accounts. Resources may also refer to tags, subscriptions, resource groups, or management groups.
  • resource group—a container that groups together related resources. An Azure resource group enables you to manage multiple resources as a whole.
  • resource provider—an individual service in Azure that you can create resources in. For example, Microsoft Storage or Microsoft Compute.
  • Resource Manager template—a file that defines how resources should be deployed to groups, subscriptions or tenants. This file is defined in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON).
  • declarative syntax—the syntax used for Resource Manager templates. It enables you to define how resources should be handled without having to know programming commands.

Templates combine the benefits of the underlying Azure Resource Manager with the adaptability and readability of JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). Using templates, you can:

  • Deploy topologies and their workloads consistently.
  • Manage all your resources in an application together using resource groups.
  • Apply role-based access control (RBAC) to grant appropriate access to users, groups, and services.
  • Use tagging associations to streamline tasks such as billing rollups.

Recommendations and Best Practices

  1. Create a single resource group in Azure and then use the automation script to preview the ARM template for the resource group. Export and modify as needed using the procedure outlined above.

  2. Avoid referencing templates from public repositories that you do not control. These templates may change without notice and break your lab.

  3. Replace all references to a specific region with [resourcegroup().location]. This enables you to control the region of your deployment with the cloud slice configuration, instead of the template and allows the same template to be used in multiple regions at the same time.

  4. For any object requiring a unique name, use “[concat(‘,uniquestring(resourceGroup().name)]” where is some value relevant to your lab, such as linuxlab.

  5. Do not hard-code usernames and passwords in the template, instead use template parameters such as adminUsername and adminPassword to enable credentials to be set at lab design time, and allow different labs using the same template.

  6. To assign random passwords, use the @lab.CloudPortalCredential().Password replacement token in the adminPassword parameter. If a resource such as a VM or a database requires a longer password, pad the Cloud Credential Password with additional characters, for example: “[concat(‘p5wD’, parameters(‘adminPassword’)]”. Another option is to combine replacement tokens such as @lab.LabInstance.Id and @lab.CloudPortalCredential().Password. This will prevent two users doing the same lab from having access to each other’s resources.

  7. For user accessible names such as DNS names of resources, or other public names, include a template parameter for the name instead of generating a unique string. When the template is attached to a lab, use a lab replacement tokens such as the @lab.LabInstance.Id combined with @lab.User.FirstName to create user friendly names that can be also inserted into the lab document using the same replacement token.

  8. If the template is generated from a deployed Azure resource group, remove all embedded comments to improve readability of the template.

  9. If the lab template deploys virtual machines, the sizing of the virtual machine should be captured in a template parameter. This enables sizing information to be easily changed if the deployment region changes, and the currently configured size is not available in the new region.

  10. For Linux VM’s, use password authentication, by setting disablePasswordAuthentication to false in the linuxConfiguration section under osProfile in your ARM template. For example, once properly configured your osProfile section may look something like this:

    json
    "osProfile": { "computerName": "[parameters('vmName')]", "adminUsername": "[parameters('adminUsername')]", "adminPassword": "[parameters('adminPassword']", "linuxConfiguration": { "disablePasswordAuthentication": false }, "secrets": [] },
  11. Avoid the use of the parameter type “securestring” during development as it hides the passed parameter value when troubleshooting. If warranted, change “string” to “securestring” once deployment is tested and verified.

Naming Convention

An effective naming convention composes resource names from important information about each resource. A well-chosen name helps you quickly identify the resource’s type, its associated workload, its deployment environment, and the Azure region hosting it. For example, a public IP resource for a production SharePoint workload residing in the West US region might be pip-sharepoint-prod-westus-001.

Components of an Azure resource name

Keep the length of naming components short to prevent exceeding resource name length limits.

RECOMMENDED NAMING COMPONENTS
Naming component Description
Resource type An abbreviation that represents the type of Azure resource or asset. This component is often used as a prefix or suffix in the name. For more information, see Recommended abbreviations for Azure resource types. Examples: rgvm
Business unit Top-level division of your company that owns the subscription or workload the resource belongs to. In smaller organizations, this component might represent a single corporate top-level organizational element. Examples: finmktgproductitcorp
Application or service name Name of the application, workload, or service that the resource is a part of. Examples: navigatoremissionssharepointhadoop
Subscription type Summary description of the purpose of the subscription that contains the resource. Often broken down by deployment environment type or specific workloads. Examples: prodsharedclient
Deployment environment The stage of the development lifecycle for the workload that the resource supports. Examples: proddevqastagetest
Region The Azure region where the resource is deployed. Examples: westuseastus2westeuusvaustx

Abbreviations for Azure Resource Types:

GENERAL
Asset type Resource provider namespace/Entity Abbreviation
API management service instance Microsoft.ApiManagement/service apim-
Managed Identity Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities id-
Management group Microsoft.Management/managementGroups mg-
Policy definition Microsoft.Authorization/policyDefinitions policy-
Resource group Microsoft.Resources/resourceGroups rg-

Tagging Strategy

When you apply metadata tags to your cloud resources, you can include information about those assets that couldn’t be included in the resource name. You can use that information to perform more sophisticated filtering and reporting on resources. You want these tags to include context about the resource’s associated workload or application, operational requirements, and ownership information. This information can be used by IT or business teams to find resources or generate reports about resource usage and billing.

Minimum suggested tags

The following tags will guide implementation and processes in all subsequent Cloud Adoption Framework methodologies. Many of the best practices in those methodologies demonstrate automation of cloud operations and governance based on the following tags.

MINIMUM SUGGESTED TAGS
Tag Name Description Key and example values
Workload name Name of the workload the resource supports. WorkloadName

  • ControlCharts
  • Data classification Sensitivity of data hosted by this resource. DataClassification

  • Non-business
  • Public
  • General
  • Confidential
  • Highly confidential
  • Business criticality Business impact of the resource or supported workload. Criticality

  • Low
  • Medium
  • High
  • Business unit-critical
  • Mission-critical
  • Business unit Top-level division of your company that owns the subscription or workload that the resource belongs to. In smaller organizations, this tag might represent a single corporate or shared top-level organizational element. BusinessUnit

  • Finance
  • Marketing
  • Product XYZ
  • Corp
  • Shared
  • Operations commitment Level of operations support provided for this workload or resource. OpsCommitment

  • Baseline only
  • Enhanced baseline
  • Platform operations
  • Workload operations
  • Operations team Team accountable for day-to-day operations. OpsTeam

  • Central IT
  • Cloud operations
  • ControlCharts team
  • MSP-{Managed Service Provider name}
  • Manage Access

    When you plan your access control methodology, we recommend that you work with people in your organizations with the following roles: security and compliance, IT administration, and enterprise architect.

    The Cloud Adoption Framework offers additional guidance on using Azure role-based access control in your cloud adoption efforts.

    https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cloud-adoption-framework/ready/azure-setup-guide/manage-access

    When you plan your access control strategy, grant users the least privilege required to get their work done. The following image shows a suggested pattern for assigning Azure RBAC.

    Diagram that shows Azure roles 

    Define each role based on apps, business units, or resource groups, etc

    E.g. dev-reader, dev-contributor, dev-owner

    Grant resource group access

    To grant a user access to a resource group:

    1. Go to Resource groups.
    2. Select a resource group.
    3. Select Access control (IAM).
    4. Select + Add > Add role assignment.
    5. Select a role, and then assign access to a user, group, or service principal.

    Grant subscription access

    To grant a user access to a subscription:

    1. Go to Subscriptions.
    2. Select a subscription.
    3. Select Access control (IAM).
    4. Select + Add > Add role assignment.
    5. Select a role, and then assign access to a user, group, or service principal.

    Azure AD Roles and Azure Role Assignment

    Azure AD and Azure resources are secured independently from one another. That is, Azure AD role assignments do not grant access to Azure resources, and Azure role assignments do not grant access to Azure AD. 

    For Azure AD Roles (assigned roles) – based on Azure AD Resources 

    The different roles in Azure
    • custom role will need Azure AD P1 or P2 subscription
    • for each functions, we have some built-in roles
      • administrator
      • reader
      • editor /writer
      • other related roles

     

    The different roles in Azure
    • custom role will need Azure AD P1 or P2 subscription
    • for each functions, we have some built-in roles
      • administrator
      • reader
      • editor /writer
      • other related roles

     

    Azure Roles – Based on Azure Resources (Subscription, Resource Group, Resources)

    • Subscriptions
    • Owner, Contributor, Reader, User Access Administrator
    • Not overlap with Azure AD roles. But global admin from AD roles can be assigned to User access admin. 
    Azure RBAC versus Azure AD roles

    Best practices:

    • least needed permission, not always to grant owner
    • assign to user groups, not to users
    • create a matrix table to map users with resource permissions.
    • roles are assigned at Resource Group level

    However, if you are a Global Administrator in Azure AD, you can assign yourself access to all Azure subscriptions and management groups in your directory. Use this capability if you don’t have access to Azure subscription resources, such as virtual machines or storage accounts, and you want to use your Global Administrator privilege to gain access to those resources.

    When you elevate your access, you will be assigned the User Access Administrator role in Azure at root scope (/). This allows you to view all resources and assign access in any subscription or management group in the directory. User Access Administrator role assignments can be removed using Azure PowerShell, Azure CLI, or the REST API.

    Task Examples

    1. Add owner to subscriptions

    Azure Portal – Subscription – Access Control(IAM) – Add – Owner – Users/Groups
    2. Transfer subscription to another 
    3. Configure cost center quotas and tagging
    4. Policies – inheritance
        Location restriction
        Inherit tag from resource group
    5. Resource Locks
    6. RBAC – Owner, Contributor, Reader, User Access Administrator, Built-in Roles
        roles are inherited



    References

    By Jon

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